Tin dioxide is the inorganic compound Traditionally, inorganic compounds are considered to be of a mineral, not biological, origin. Complementarily, most organic compounds are traditionally viewed as being of biological origin. Over the past century, the precise classification of inorganic vs organic compounds has become less important to scientists, primarily because the majority of with the formula A chemical formula or molecular formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound SnO2. The mineral form of SnO2 is called cassiterite Cassiterite is a tin oxide ore mineral, SnO2. It is generally opaque but is translucent in thin crystals. Its luster and multiple crystal faces produce a desirable gem. Cassiterite has been the chief tin ore throughout ancient history and remains the most important source of tin today, and this is the main ore of tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead, like the two possible oxidation states +2 and +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest.[1] With many other names (see infobox), this oxide An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom as well as at least one other element.[citation needed] Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides. Oxides result when elements are oxidized by oxygen in air. Combustion of hydrocarbons affords the two principal oxides of carbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Even of tin is the most important raw material in tin chemistry. This colourless, diamagnetic Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition to an externally applied magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect. Specifically, an external magnetic field alters the orbital velocity of electrons around their nuclei, thus changing the magnetic dipole moment in the direction opposing the solid is amphoteric In chemistry, an amphoteric substance is one that can react as either an acid or base. The word is derived from the Greek word amphoteroi meaning "both". Many metals (such as zinc, tin, lead, aluminium, and beryllium) and most metalloids have amphoteric oxides or hydroxides.

Contents

Structure

It crystallises with the rutile Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide, Ti structure, wherein the tin atoms are 6 coordinate and the oxygen atoms three coordinate.[1] SnO2 is usually regarded as an oxygen-deficient n-type semiconductor N-type semiconductors are pure semiconducting materials , which are doped with atoms capable of providing extra conduction electrons to the host material. This creates an excess of negative (n-type) electron charge carriers.[2]. Hydrous forms of SnO2 have been described in the past as stannic acids, although such materials appear to be hydrated particles of SnO2 where the composition reflects the particle size.[3]

Preparation

Tin dioxide occurs naturally but is purified by reduction to the metal followed by burning tin in air.[3] Annual production is in the range of 10 kilotons.[3] SnO2 is reduced industrially to the metal with carbon in a reverbatory furnace A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with combustion gases. The term reverberation is used here in a generic sense of rebounding or reflecting, not in the acoustic sense of echoing at 1200-1300 °C.[4]

Amphoterism

Although SnO2 is insoluble in water, it is an amphoteric In chemistry, an amphoteric substance is one that can react as either an acid or base. The word is derived from the Greek word amphoteroi meaning "both". Many metals (such as zinc, tin, lead, aluminium, and beryllium) and most metalloids have amphoteric oxides or hydroxides oxide, although cassiterite ore has been described as difficult to dissolve in acids and alkalis.[5] "Stannic acid" refers to hydrated tin dioxide, SnO2, which is also called "stannic hydroxide."

Tin oxides dissolve in acids. Halogen acids attack SnO2 to give hexahalostannates,[6] such as [SnI6]2-. One report describes reacting a sample in refluxing HI for many hours.[7]

SnO2 + 6 HI → H2SnI6 + 2 H2O

Similarly, SnO2 dissolves in sulfuric acid to give the sulfate:[3]

SnO2 + 2 H2SO4 → Sn(SO4)2 + 2 H2O

SnO2 dissolves in strong base to give "stannates," with the nominal formula Na2SnO3.[3] Dissolving the solidified SnO2/NaOH melt in water gives Na2[Sn(OH)6]2, "preparing salt," which is used in the dyeing industry.[3]

Uses

In conjunction with vanadium oxide, it is used as a catalyst for the oxidation of aromatic compounds in the synthesis of carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group. A carboxyl group is a functional group consisting of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. Carboxylic acids are Brønsted-Lowry acids — they are proton donors. Salts and anions of carboxylic acids and acid anhydrides.[1]

Throughout history it has been used as an opacifier in the ceramic industry (where it is just known as tin oxide), especially in earthenware with the technique of tin-glazing Tin-glazing is the process of giving ceramic items a tin-based glaze which is white, shiny and opaque, normally applied to red or buff earthenware.The opacity and whiteness of tin glaze make it valued by its ability to decorate with colour. Tin oxide does not go into solution in the glaze melt, generally amounts of 4-8% are needed. Zircon compounds are also used for this purpose.

SnO2 coatings can be applied using chemical vapor deposition Chemical vapor deposition is a chemical process used to produce high-purity, high-performance solid materials. The process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films. In a typical CVD process, the wafer (substrate) is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react and/or decompose on the substrate surface to produce, vapour deposition techniques that employ SnCl4[1] or organotin trihalides[8] e.g. butyltin trichloride as the volatile agent. This technique is used to coat glass bottles with a thin (<0.1 μm) layer of SnO2, which helps to adhere a subsequent, protective polymer coating such as polyethylene to the glass.[1] Thicker layers doped with Sb or F ions are electrically conducting and used in electroluminescent devices.[1] SnO2 has been used as pigment in the manufacture of glasses, enamels and ceramic glazes. Pure SnO2 gives a milky white colour; other colours are achieved when mixed with other metallic oxides e.g. V2O5 Vanadium oxide (vanadia) is the chemical compound with the formula V2O5. Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide, this orange solid is the most important[citation needed] compound of vanadium. Upon heating it reversibly loses oxygen. Related to this ability, V2O5 catalyses several useful aerobic oxidation reactions, the largest scale of which yellow; Cr2O3 Chromium oxide is the inorganic compound of the formula Cr2O3. It is one of principal oxides of chromium and is used as a pigment. In nature, it occurs as the rare mineral eskolaite pink; and Sb2O5 grey blue.[3] SnO2 has been used as a polishing powder[3] and is sometimes known as "putty powder", [5] SnO2 is used in sensors of combustible gases. In these the sensor area is heated to a constant temperature (few hundred °C) and in the presence of a combustible Substances with low combustibility may be selected for construction where the fire risk needs to be reduced. Fire resistant substances are preferred for building materials and furnishings gas the electrical resistivity Electrical resistivity is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the movement of electrical charge. The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm metre (Ω m) drops.[9] Doping In semiconductor production, doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities into an extremely pure semiconductor to change its electrical properties. The impurities are dependent upon the type of semiconductor. Lightly- and moderately-doped semiconductors are referred to as extrinsic. A semiconductor doped to such high levels that with various compounds has been investigated (e.g. with CuO Copper oxide or cupric oxide (CuO) is the higher oxide of copper. As a mineral, it is known as tenorite [10]). Doping In semiconductor production, doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities into an extremely pure semiconductor to change its electrical properties. The impurities are dependent upon the type of semiconductor. Lightly- and moderately-doped semiconductors are referred to as extrinsic. A semiconductor doped to such high levels that with cobalt and manganese, gives a material that can be used in e.g. high voltage varistors A varistor is an electronic component with a significant nonlinear current–voltage characteristic. The name is a portmanteau of variable resistor. Varistors are often used to protect circuits against excessive transient voltages by incorporating them into the circuit in such a way that, when triggered, they will shunt the current created by the.[11] Tin dioxide can be doped into the oxides of iron Iron is the most common element in the earth as a whole, and the fourth most common in the Earth's crust. It is produced as a result of stellar fusion in high-mass stars, and it is the heaviest stable element produced by stellar fusion because the fusion of iron is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic. Iron is the most widely used or manganese Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. As a free element, manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1984), Chemistry of the Elements, Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 447–48, ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 0-08-022057-6
  2. ^ Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction Lesley Smart, Elaine A. Moore (2005) CRC Press ISBN 0748775161
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, San Diego: Academic Press, ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 0-12-352651-5
  4. ^ Tin: Inorganic chemistry,J L Wardell, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry ed R. Bruce King, John Wiley & Son Ltd., (1995) ISBN 0471936200
  5. ^ a b Inorganic & Theoretical chemistry, F. Sherwood Taylor, Heineman, 6th Edition (1942)
  6. ^ Donaldson & Grimes in Chemistry of tin ed. P.G. Harrison Blackie (1989)
  7. ^ Earle R. Caley (1932). "The Action Of Hydriodic Acid On Stannic Oxide". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 54 (8): 3240–3243. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1021/ja01347a028.
  8. ^ US patent 4130673
  9. ^ Joseph Watson The stannic oxide semiconductor gas sensor in The Electrical engineering Handbook 3d Edition; Sensors Nanoscience Biomedical Engineering and Instruments ed R.C Dorf CRC Press Taylor and Francis ISBN 0849373468
  10. ^ Wang, Chun-Ming; Wang, Jin-Feng; Su, Wen-Bin (2006). "Microstructural Morphology and Electrical Properties of Copper- and Niobium-Doped Tin Dioxide Polycrystalline Varistors". Journal of the American Ceramic Society 89 (8): 2502–2508. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01076.x. [1]
  11. ^ Dibb A., Cilense M, Bueno P.R, Maniette Y., Varela J.A., Longo E. (2006). "Evaluation of Rare Earth Oxides doping SnO2.(Co0.25,Mn0.75)O-based Varistor System". Materials Research 9 (3): 339–343. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1590/S1516-14392006000300015.
  12. ^ A. Punnoose, J. Hays, A. Thurber, M. H. Engelhard, R. K. Kukkadapu, C. Wang, V. Shutthanandan, and S. Thevuthasan (2005). "Development of high-temperature ferromagnetism in SnO2 and paramagnetism in SnO by Fe doping". Phys. Rev. B 72 (8): 054402. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.054402.
Tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead, like the two possible oxidation states +2 and +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest compounds

SnBr2 · SnBr4 · SnCl2 SnCl2 has a lone pair of electrons, such that the molecule in the gas phase is bent. In the solid state, crystalline SnCl2 forms chains linked via chloride bridges as shown. The dihydrate is also three-coordinate, with one water coordinated on to the tin, and a second water coordinated to the first. The main part of the molecule stacks into double · SnCl4 · SnF2 Stannous fluoride was used in the original formulation of the toothpaste Crest[citation needed]., though it was later replaced with sodium monofluorophosphate[citation needed]. However it is the active ingredient in Crest Pro Health brand toothpaste according to the label on the box and the tube. Crest Pro Health also issues a warning on the tube · SnF4 · SnI2 · SnI4 · SnO · SnO2 · Sn(OH)2 · SnS · SnS2 Tin sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula Sn · SnSO4 · SnSe · SnTe

Categories: Oxides Categories: Salts | Oxygen compounds | Chalcogenides | Tin compounds | Semiconductor materials | Common oxide glass components

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